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I think, rather than focusing on trying to address polarization, you might be better off trying to make it more difficult for bad actors to exploit the system which currently gives antidemocratic extremists a disproportionate advantage. STV might help accomplish that if you also do away with the winner-take-all plurality voting element. One approach that might be worth exploring is an early, open, multiple-candidate primary—implementing some sort of preferential voting system—followed by a final contest between the top candidates, with a requirement for an absolute majority to win.
But, in all honesty, a more important first step—before considering sweeping systemic overhauls—might be to stop disenfranchising or otherwise obstructing voters. Make it easy as hell for everyone to participate in every stage of the election process, and I think you'll see more candidates who try to build broad coalitions. Pass—and enforce—a modern voting rights act, grant representation to areas that are currently not adequately represented, and see where that gets you first. It's low hanging fruit.
What did you think was the point of making it easier to elect better politicians? We need to be able to put people in power who will actually fix shit without getting mired in political point scoring and ideological dogma.