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. . .do solemnly swear, or affirm, that I will bear true allegiance to the United States of America, and that I will serve them honestly and faithfully against all their enemies or opposers whatsoever, and observe and obey the orders of the President of the United States, and the orders of the officers appointed over me, according to the rules and articles for the government of the Armies of the United States.
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I don't know what ruling you refer to, but IF the Supreme Court ruled that secession was illegal, that means the Law in the United States always was that secession was illegal. It doesn't make Lee less of a traitor, it even makes him a criminal.
There was not such a ruling at the time in either direction. SCOTUS did later declare unilateral secession unconstitutional in 1869, in a case addressing Texas specifically, but the argument made by the majority was tenuous and made claims which directly ignored the terms of the treaty which brought the originally independent Lone Star Republic into the US as a state, and was also made by a court composed entirely of the victors. The ruling also held that Texas was not a state at all (Radical Reconstructionists controlled the Court and government at the time)