Unions are not inherently about seniority - just because American unions are does not mean unions in general are. You keep clinging to what American unions do, but most people in this thread don't support everything those do. I'm also not saying German productivity is due to unions, I was just saying that unions/higher worker influence doesn't necessarily mean lower less competitive. Worker satisfaction is not unimportant to business, after all. Can unions lead to lower competitiveness? Yes, and often it does. But it's not just as negative as you make it out to be, it's a little more complex than that. Of course it is important that unions (and the other side of the table) are reasonable in their demands. Unfortunately the US seems to be very partisan in everything, and cooperation and compromise are dirty works.